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Default No Comments Iain Duguid – 教會與以色列
作者：Iain Duguid《桌邊談》2023-01-04
1 . 神的原初設計：敬拜的群體
起初，神創造亞當和夏娃成為一個敬拜的群體：祂要作他們的神，他們要作祂的子民。In the beginning, God created Adam and Eve to be a worshipping community: He would be their God and they would be His people.然而，墮落破壞了人與神之間的關係，也破壞了人與人之間的團契。The fall, however, shattered their fellowship with one another as well as with God,到了下一代，這種分裂更加嚴重，因為該隱殺了他的兄弟。a division that was deepened even further in the next generation when Cain murdered his brother.該隱一系開始遠離神，The trajectory away from God begun by Cain’s line最終在 “巴別” 形成了一個假冒的敬拜群體 (創 11)。ended with a counterfeit worshipping community in Babel (Gen. 11).與此同時，一條敬拜真神的後裔線通過 塞特 延續到 亞伯蘭——就是 亞伯拉罕，At the same time, a line of true worshippers ran through Seth to Abram—Abraham—神應許要使他成為大國，whom God promised to make a great nation並且應許藉着他賜福給地上的萬族 (創 12:1-3)。and through whom He promised to bless all nations of the earth (Gen. 12:1-3).
2 . 從族長到西奈：聖潔國度的誕生
神應許亞伯拉罕的孫子雅各，祂要使他的十二個兒子組成一個和諧的敬拜 “多族群體 (community of nations)” (創 28:3)，God promised Abraham’s grandson Jacob that He would make his twelve sons into a harmonious worshipping “community of nations” (Gen. 28:3)這個群體將以他的新名 “以色列” 而聞名。that would be known by his new name, “Israel.”值得注意的是，創世記 28:3 中的 “群體” 這個希伯來文 קָהָל (qāhāl)Significantly, the Hebrew word used here for “community” is qāhāl,在 希臘文舊約聖經 (七十士譯本) 中被翻譯成 “教會” ἐκκλησία (ekklēsia)。which the Greek translation of the Old Testament often renders as ekklēsia, “church.”(註：七十士譯本是在公元前3-2世紀由70位猶太學者編譯而成的第一本希臘文舊約。)
在以色列人出埃及後來到西奈山時，這個敬拜群體的目標得以實現。This goal of a worshipping community was reached after the exodus from Egypt when the people came to Mount Sinai.在那裡，神宣告以色列人是祂所珍愛的產業，是祭司的國度，為聖潔的國民 (出 19:5-6)。There God declared the Israelites to be His treasured possession, a kingdom of priests and a holy nation (Ex. 19:5-6).耶和華應許要住在他們中間，作他們的神 (出 29:45)。The Lord promised to dwell among them as their God (Ex. 29:45).然而，這群人剛剛與主立約，But the people had no sooner committed themselves to this covenant relationship with the Lord就很快離棄了祂。than they abandoned Him.當摩西在山上領受耶和華的指示時，While Moses was at the top of the mountain receiving instruction from the Lord,百姓卻在山下鑄造偶像。the people were at the bottom fashioning false gods.從一開始就清楚，這 “聖潔的國民” 無力活出他們的呼召。It was clear from the outset that the “holy nation” had no power to live up to its calling.
3 . 叛逆之路：以色列的悖逆與被擄
先知們為我們展開以色列其餘的歷史：The prophets unfold for us the rest of Israel’s history:儘管神對他們信實，他們卻是悖逆的兒女 (賽 1:2)，in spite of God’s faithfulness to them, they were corrupt and rebellious children (Isa. 1:2)也是行淫的妻子 (何 1-3)。and an adulterous wife (Hos. 1-3).這種悖逆的傳承在北國和南國都是一樣的：This heritage of unfaithfulness belonged equally to the northern and southern kingdoms:以色列和猶大是出自同一家族的兩位悖逆姐妹 (結 16, 23)，Israel and Judah were two twisted sisters from the same family (Ezek. 16, 23)她們都要各自面對毀滅與被擄的審判 (結 4:4-6)。who would each face the punishment of destruction and exile (Ezek. 4:4-6).耶和華無法住在這樣一群不聖潔的百姓中間。The Lord could not dwell in the midst of such an unholy people.祂捨棄了祂在耶路撒冷所揀選的居所，He abandoned His chosen dwelling place in Jerusalem,將祂的百姓交在巴比倫仇敵的手中，任其擺布 (結 8-11)。leaving His people at the mercy of their Babylonian enemies (Ezek. 8-11).
4 . 先知的盼望：復興與新約的應許
然而，以色列被擄所帶來的毀滅不可能是故事的終結。Yet the destruction of Israel in the exile could not be the end of the story.因為耶和華曾將祂的名與以色列聯繫在一起，Because the Lord had attached His name to Israel,所以這國必須得恢復，免得祂的聖名在列國中被褻瀆 (結 20:14)。the nation would have to be restored lest His holy name be profaned among the nations (Ezek. 20:14).在西奈山所立的應許必須得以成就 (耶 33:20-21)，The promises made at Mount Sinai had to be fulfilled (Jer. 33:20-21),因此，以色列和猶大這兩個國家將被耶和華復興併合而為一so the two nations of Israel and Judah would be restored by the Lord into a single, reunited body由以色列各支派組成 (耶 31:1)，made up of all of the clans of Israel (Jer. 31:1)於一位君王之下 (結 37:16-22)。under a single king (Ezek. 37:16-22).最重要的應許是以色列屬靈上的轉變，The most important promise was the spiritual transformation of Israel他們那不回應的心要在新約之下變為 “新的心” (耶 31:31-33)，into a new people whose unresponsive hearts would be changed into new hearts under a new covenant (Jer. 31:31-33)藉着神之靈的澆灌實現這一切 (結 36:22-28)。by an outpouring of God’s Spirit (Ezek. 36:22-28).新的以色列要成為耶和華的僕人，作外邦人的光，The new Israel would become the Lord’s servant, a light for the Gentiles,為萬國帶來醫治 (賽 42:6, 10)。bringing healing to all nations (Isa. 42:6, 10).然而，在 以賽亞書 第 40-48 章 中所描繪的 “新以色列”，However, the new Israel depicted in Isaiah 40-48仍然是軟弱掙扎的百姓，需要不斷被勸勉去追求順服，continued to be a struggling and weak people who needed constant exhortation to pursue obedience也需要被鼓勵去信靠神向他們所存信實的慈愛。as well as encouragement to trust in God’s faithful love for them.為了成就神的旨意，就必須有另一位 “更美的以色列”，To fulfill God’s purposes, another, better Israel would be required,一位僕人，要代替以色列，完成以色列所不能完成的，a servant who would take Israel’s place, doing what Israel was unable to do,成就她將光傳給萬國的呼召 (賽 49:6)。fulfilling her calling to bring light to the nations (Isa. 49:6).(註：舊約中的 “新心” 應驗於被擄歸回的以色列人 (悔改、重建聖殿、遵行律法)，預表基督徒的重生；“新約” 指的就是基督所立的新約。)
5 . 真正的僕人：耶穌成就以色列的使命
這位稱為 “以色列” 的僕人實現在耶穌基督身上。This servant “Israel” took flesh in the person of Jesus Christ.從祂出生的那一刻起，祂就重演了以色列的歷史，From the moment of His birth, He reenacted Israel’s history,下到埃及，好使祂成為那位真正被神從埃及召出來的兒子 (太 2:15; 何 11:1)。going down to Egypt so that He could be the true son whom God called out of Egypt (Matt. 2:15, quoting Hos. 11:1).正如以色列經過紅海，耶穌也經歷了洗禮的水 (太 3)，Just as Israel passed through the Red Sea, Jesus passed through the waters of baptism (Matt. 3)隨後被引到曠野，在那裡祂成功抵擋了以色列曾失敗的試探 (太 4)。before being led out into the wilderness, where He successfully faced the same temptations that Israel had failed to endure (Matt. 4).在祂事工開始時，耶穌宣讀 以賽亞書 61:1-2，At the beginning of His ministry, Jesus read aloud Isaiah 61:1-2,宣告這段經文在聽眾面前已經應驗 (路 4:18-19)：declaring that the Scripture had been fulfilled in His hearers’ presence (Luke 4:18-19):而祂自己就是那位應許的僕人，神的靈住在祂身上。He was Himself the promised Servant upon whom God’s Spirit rested.作為 “新以色列”，耶穌完美地成全了律法的要求。As the new Israel, Jesus perfectly fulfilled the demands of the law.耶利米 所預言的新約是藉著 祂的血 所立的 (路 22:20)。The new covenant that Jeremiah anticipated was established in His blood (Luke 22:20).耶穌成全了神對人最初的旨意——聖潔，Jesus fulfilled God’s original design for human holiness,祂親身成了眾先知所盼望的那位 “新以色列”。thereby personally embodying the new Israel for which the prophets looked.
6 . 與基督聯合：教會即神的以色列
既然耶穌基督自己就是 “新以色列”，Since Jesus Christ is Himself the new Israel,凡藉著信心與祂聯合的人也被納入神的以色列 (加 6:16)。all those united to Him by faith are also incorporated into the Israel of God (Gal. 6:16).祂是真葡萄樹，這是舊約中描繪以色列的經典形象，He is the true vine, the classic Old Testament image for Israel,我們是祂的枝子 (約 15)。and we are His branches (John 15).因為基督是神家活石的房角石，Because Christ is the living cornerstone of God’s house,凡與祂聯合的人也成為這房中的活石 (彼前 2:4-5)，those who are joined to Him become living stones in that house (1 Peter 2:4-5)並且可以用舊約中形容以色列的同樣稱呼來描述：and can be described by the same terminology that described Israel in the Old Testament:在基督里，我們是 “被揀選的族類、君尊的祭司、聖潔的國度” (彼前 2:9-10)。in Christ, we are “a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation” (1 Peter 2:9-10).
既然耶穌基督自己就是 “新以色列”，Since Jesus Christ is Himself the new Israel,
凡藉著信心與祂聯合的人也被納入神的以色列。all those united to Him by faith are also incorporated into the Israel of God.
7 . 應許的子民：憑信而非血統
因此，成為這新約以色列的一員，Being part of this new covenant Israel is, thus,不是憑着肉身從亞伯拉罕而生，not a matter of physical descent from Abraham,而是與亞伯拉罕一樣悔改並信靠神 (路 3:8)。but rather sharing Abraham’s repentance and faith (Luke 3:8).神的新子民包括猶太人和外邦人 (加 3:28)，The new people of God includes Jews and gentiles together (Gal. 3:28),因為他們都被接在這棵新橄欖樹——基督/以色列上 (羅 11:17-24)。as both are grafted into the new olive tree, Christ/Israel (Rom. 11:17-24).這並不表示神忘記了祂向亞伯拉罕肉身後裔所應許的話 (羅 11:1)。That does not mean that God has forgotten His promises to those physically descended from Abraham (Rom. 11:1).絕對不是。Certainly not.因為不是所有以色列人都是 “新以色列” 的子民 (羅 9:6)。But not everyone who is descended physically from Israel is part of the new Israel (Rom. 9:6).先知所應許的以色列復興，The restoration of Israel promised in the prophets是隨着福音傳到耶路撒冷和猶太全地 (南國)、is accomplished as the gospel is preached to Jerusalem and Judea (the southern kingdom),撒馬利亞 (北國)，並直到地極而成就的，Samaria (the northern kingdom), and to the ends of the earth,這樣福音就最終將神的光帶給外邦人 (徒 1:8)。thereby finally bringing God’s light to the gentiles (Acts 1:8).
8 . 終極成就：新婦、萬族與新耶路撒冷
在《啟示錄》中，約翰聽見神的子民被描述為十四萬四千人，In the book of Revelation, John heard God’s people described as a group of 144,000由以色列十二個支派所組成 (啟 7:4-8)。made up of the twelve tribes of Israel (Rev. 7:4-8).但當他再看時，卻看見這是一個無法數算、來自各族各民的大群體 (啟 7:9-12)。Yet when he looked again, he discovered that the same group was an innumerable crowd from every tribe and nation (Rev. 7:9-12).舊約中用來指以色列的意象——耶和華的新婦，The Lord’s bride, the image used in the Old Testament for Israel,如今就是教會，將來不再因罪而玷污，is the church and will one day be defiled by her sin no longer而是妝飾整齊，等候她的丈夫 (啟 21:2)。but beautifully adorned for her husband (Rev. 21:2).到那日，神對以色列原初的目的和計劃——In that day, God’s original purpose and plan for Israel—要得着一群歸屬祂的、合一而聖潔的子民——to have a united, holy people belonging to Himself—將要在基督與教會的婚宴中最終實現。will finally be fulfilled in the marriage of Christ and His church.
Rev. Iain Duguid Ph.D
Seeing Christ in All of Scripture
(西敏神學院網絡開放課程)
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