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Default No Comments Iain Duguid – 教会与以色列
作者：Iain Duguid《桌边谈》2023-01-04
1 . 神的原初设计：敬拜的群体
起初，神创造亚当和夏娃成为一个敬拜的群体：祂要作他们的神，他们要作祂的子民。In the beginning, God created Adam and Eve to be a worshipping community: He would be their God and they would be His people.然而，堕落破坏了人与神之间的关系，也破坏了人与人之间的团契。The fall, however, shattered their fellowship with one another as well as with God,到了下一代，这种分裂更加严重，因为该隐杀了他的兄弟。a division that was deepened even further in the next generation when Cain murdered his brother.该隐一系开始远离神，The trajectory away from God begun by Cain’s line最终在 “巴别” 形成了一个假冒的敬拜群体 (创 11)。ended with a counterfeit worshipping community in Babel (Gen. 11).与此同时，一条敬拜真神的后裔线通过 塞特 延续到 亚伯兰——就是 亚伯拉罕，At the same time, a line of true worshippers ran through Seth to Abram—Abraham—神应许要使他成为大国，whom God promised to make a great nation并且应许藉着他赐福给地上的万族 (创 12:1-3)。and through whom He promised to bless all nations of the earth (Gen. 12:1-3).
2 . 从族长到西奈：圣洁国度的诞生
神应许亚伯拉罕的孙子雅各，祂要使他的十二个儿子组成一个和谐的敬拜 “多族群体 (community of nations)” (创 28:3)，God promised Abraham’s grandson Jacob that He would make his twelve sons into a harmonious worshipping “community of nations” (Gen. 28:3)这个群体将以他的新名 “以色列” 而闻名。that would be known by his new name, “Israel.”值得注意的是，创世记 28:3 中的 “群体” 这个希伯来文 קָהָל (qāhāl)Significantly, the Hebrew word used here for “community” is qāhāl,在 希腊文旧约圣经 (七十士译本) 中被翻译成 “教会” ἐκκλησία (ekklēsia)。which the Greek translation of the Old Testament often renders as ekklēsia, “church.”(注：七十士译本是在公元前3-2世纪由70位犹太学者编译而成的第一本希腊文旧约。)
在以色列人出埃及后来到西奈山时，这个敬拜群体的目标得以实现。This goal of a worshipping community was reached after the exodus from Egypt when the people came to Mount Sinai.在那里，神宣告以色列人是祂所珍爱的产业，是祭司的国度，为圣洁的国民 (出 19:5-6)。There God declared the Israelites to be His treasured possession, a kingdom of priests and a holy nation (Ex. 19:5-6).耶和华应许要住在他们中间，作他们的神 (出 29:45)。The Lord promised to dwell among them as their God (Ex. 29:45).然而，这群人刚刚与主立约，But the people had no sooner committed themselves to this covenant relationship with the Lord就很快离弃了祂。than they abandoned Him.当摩西在山上领受耶和华的指示时，While Moses was at the top of the mountain receiving instruction from the Lord,百姓却在山下铸造偶像。the people were at the bottom fashioning false gods.从一开始就清楚，这 “圣洁的国民” 无力活出他们的呼召。It was clear from the outset that the “holy nation” had no power to live up to its calling.
3 . 叛逆之路：以色列的悖逆与被掳
先知们为我们展开以色列其余的历史：The prophets unfold for us the rest of Israel’s history:尽管神对他们信实，他们却是悖逆的儿女 (赛 1:2)，in spite of God’s faithfulness to them, they were corrupt and rebellious children (Isa. 1:2)也是行淫的妻子 (何 1-3)。and an adulterous wife (Hos. 1-3).这种悖逆的传承在北国和南国都是一样的：This heritage of unfaithfulness belonged equally to the northern and southern kingdoms:以色列和犹大是出自同一家族的两位悖逆姐妹 (结 16, 23)，Israel and Judah were two twisted sisters from the same family (Ezek. 16, 23)她们都要各自面对毁灭与被掳的审判 (结 4:4-6)。who would each face the punishment of destruction and exile (Ezek. 4:4-6).耶和华无法住在这样一群不圣洁的百姓中间。The Lord could not dwell in the midst of such an unholy people.祂舍弃了祂在耶路撒冷所拣选的居所，He abandoned His chosen dwelling place in Jerusalem,将祂的百姓交在巴比伦仇敌的手中，任其摆布 (结 8-11)。leaving His people at the mercy of their Babylonian enemies (Ezek. 8-11).
4 . 先知的盼望：复兴与新约的应许
然而，以色列被掳所带来的毁灭不可能是故事的终结。Yet the destruction of Israel in the exile could not be the end of the story.因为耶和华曾将祂的名与以色列联系在一起，Because the Lord had attached His name to Israel,所以这国必须得恢复，免得祂的圣名在列国中被亵渎 (结 20:14)。the nation would have to be restored lest His holy name be profaned among the nations (Ezek. 20:14).在西奈山所立的应许必须得以成就 (耶 33:20-21)，The promises made at Mount Sinai had to be fulfilled (Jer. 33:20-21),因此，以色列和犹大这两个国家将被耶和华复兴并合而为一so the two nations of Israel and Judah would be restored by the Lord into a single, reunited body由以色列各支派组成 (耶 31:1)，made up of all of the clans of Israel (Jer. 31:1)于一位君王之下 (结 37:16-22)。under a single king (Ezek. 37:16-22).最重要的应许是以色列属灵上的转变，The most important promise was the spiritual transformation of Israel他们那不回应的心要在新约之下变为 “新的心” (耶 31:31-33)，into a new people whose unresponsive hearts would be changed into new hearts under a new covenant (Jer. 31:31-33)藉着神之灵的浇灌实现这一切 (结 36:22-28)。by an outpouring of God’s Spirit (Ezek. 36:22-28).新的以色列要成为耶和华的仆人，作外邦人的光，The new Israel would become the Lord’s servant, a light for the Gentiles,为万国带来医治 (赛 42:6, 10)。bringing healing to all nations (Isa. 42:6, 10).然而，在 以赛亚书 第 40-48 章 中所描绘的 “新以色列”，However, the new Israel depicted in Isaiah 40-48仍然是软弱挣扎的百姓，需要不断被劝勉去追求顺服，continued to be a struggling and weak people who needed constant exhortation to pursue obedience也需要被鼓励去信靠神向他们所存信实的慈爱。as well as encouragement to trust in God’s faithful love for them.为了成就神的旨意，就必须有另一位 “更美的以色列”，To fulfill God’s purposes, another, better Israel would be required,一位仆人，要代替以色列，完成以色列所不能完成的，a servant who would take Israel’s place, doing what Israel was unable to do,成就她将光传给万国的呼召 (赛 49:6)。fulfilling her calling to bring light to the nations (Isa. 49:6).(注：旧约中的 “新心” 应验于被掳归回的以色列人 (悔改、重建圣殿、遵行律法)，预表基督徒的重生；“新约” 指的就是基督所立的新约。)
5 . 真正的仆人：耶稣成就以色列的使命
这位称为 “以色列” 的仆人实现在耶稣基督身上。This servant “Israel” took flesh in the person of Jesus Christ.从祂出生的那一刻起，祂就重演了以色列的历史，From the moment of His birth, He reenacted Israel’s history,下到埃及，好使祂成为那位真正被神从埃及召出来的儿子 (太 2:15; 何 11:1)。going down to Egypt so that He could be the true son whom God called out of Egypt (Matt. 2:15, quoting Hos. 11:1).正如以色列经过红海，耶稣也经历了洗礼的水 (太 3)，Just as Israel passed through the Red Sea, Jesus passed through the waters of baptism (Matt. 3)随后被引到旷野，在那里祂成功抵挡了以色列曾失败的试探 (太 4)。before being led out into the wilderness, where He successfully faced the same temptations that Israel had failed to endure (Matt. 4).在祂事工开始时，耶稣宣读 以赛亚书 61:1-2，At the beginning of His ministry, Jesus read aloud Isaiah 61:1-2,宣告这段经文在听众面前已经应验 (路 4:18-19)：declaring that the Scripture had been fulfilled in His hearers’ presence (Luke 4:18-19):而祂自己就是那位应许的仆人，神的灵住在祂身上。He was Himself the promised Servant upon whom God’s Spirit rested.作为 “新以色列”，耶稣完美地成全了律法的要求。As the new Israel, Jesus perfectly fulfilled the demands of the law.耶利米 所预言的新约是借着 祂的血 所立的 (路 22:20)。The new covenant that Jeremiah anticipated was established in His blood (Luke 22:20).耶稣成全了神对人最初的旨意——圣洁，Jesus fulfilled God’s original design for human holiness,祂亲身成了众先知所盼望的那位 “新以色列”。thereby personally embodying the new Israel for which the prophets looked.
6 . 与基督联合：教会即神的以色列
既然耶稣基督自己就是 “新以色列”，Since Jesus Christ is Himself the new Israel,凡借着信心与祂联合的人也被纳入神的以色列 (加 6:16)。all those united to Him by faith are also incorporated into the Israel of God (Gal. 6:16).祂是真葡萄树，这是旧约中描绘以色列的经典形象，He is the true vine, the classic Old Testament image for Israel,我们是祂的枝子 (约 15)。and we are His branches (John 15).因为基督是神家活石的房角石，Because Christ is the living cornerstone of God’s house,凡与祂联合的人也成为这房中的活石 (彼前 2:4-5)，those who are joined to Him become living stones in that house (1 Peter 2:4-5)并且可以用旧约中形容以色列的同样称呼来描述：and can be described by the same terminology that described Israel in the Old Testament:在基督里，我们是 “被拣选的族类、君尊的祭司、圣洁的国度” (彼前 2:9-10)。in Christ, we are “a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation” (1 Peter 2:9-10).
既然耶稣基督自己就是 “新以色列”，Since Jesus Christ is Himself the new Israel,
凡借着信心与祂联合的人也被纳入神的以色列。all those united to Him by faith are also incorporated into the Israel of God.
7 . 应许的子民：凭信而非血统
因此，成为这新约以色列的一员，Being part of this new covenant Israel is, thus,不是凭着肉身从亚伯拉罕而生，not a matter of physical descent from Abraham,而是与亚伯拉罕一样悔改并信靠神 (路 3:8)。but rather sharing Abraham’s repentance and faith (Luke 3:8).神的新子民包括犹太人和外邦人 (加 3:28)，The new people of God includes Jews and gentiles together (Gal. 3:28),因为他们都被接在这棵新橄榄树——基督/以色列上 (罗 11:17-24)。as both are grafted into the new olive tree, Christ/Israel (Rom. 11:17-24).这并不表示神忘记了祂向亚伯拉罕肉身后裔所应许的话 (罗 11:1)。That does not mean that God has forgotten His promises to those physically descended from Abraham (Rom. 11:1).绝对不是。Certainly not.因为不是所有以色列人都是 “新以色列” 的子民 (罗 9:6)。But not everyone who is descended physically from Israel is part of the new Israel (Rom. 9:6).先知所应许的以色列复兴，The restoration of Israel promised in the prophets是随着福音传到耶路撒冷和犹太全地 (南国)、is accomplished as the gospel is preached to Jerusalem and Judea (the southern kingdom),撒马利亚 (北国)，并直到地极而成就的，Samaria (the northern kingdom), and to the ends of the earth,这样福音就最终将神的光带给外邦人 (徒 1:8)。thereby finally bringing God’s light to the gentiles (Acts 1:8).
8 . 终极成就：新妇、万族与新耶路撒冷
在《启示录》中，约翰听见神的子民被描述为十四万四千人，In the book of Revelation, John heard God’s people described as a group of 144,000由以色列十二个支派所组成 (启 7:4-8)。made up of the twelve tribes of Israel (Rev. 7:4-8).但当他再看时，却看见这是一个无法数算、来自各族各民的大群体 (启 7:9-12)。Yet when he looked again, he discovered that the same group was an innumerable crowd from every tribe and nation (Rev. 7:9-12).旧约中用来指以色列的意象——耶和华的新妇，The Lord’s bride, the image used in the Old Testament for Israel,如今就是教会，将来不再因罪而玷污，is the church and will one day be defiled by her sin no longer而是妆饰整齐，等候她的丈夫 (启 21:2)。but beautifully adorned for her husband (Rev. 21:2).到那日，神对以色列原初的目的和计划——In that day, God’s original purpose and plan for Israel—要得着一群归属祂的、合一而圣洁的子民——to have a united, holy people belonging to Himself—将要在基督与教会的婚宴中最终实现。will finally be fulfilled in the marriage of Christ and His church.
Rev. Iain Duguid Ph.D
Seeing Christ in All of Scripture
(西敏神学院网络开放课程)
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