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Mar 23, 2025 - Default    No Comments

教会与以色列 (推荐)

作者:Iain Duguid《桌边谈》2023-01-04

1. 神的原初设计:敬拜的群体

起初,神创造亚当和夏娃成为一个敬拜的群体:祂要作他们的神,他们要作祂的子民。In the beginning, God created Adam and Eve to be a worshipping community: He would be their God and they would be His people.然而,堕落破坏了人与神之间的关系,也破坏了人与人之间的团契。The fall, however, shattered their fellowship with one another as well as with God,到了下一代,这种分裂更加严重,因为该隐杀了他的兄弟。a division that was deepened even further in the next generation when Cain murdered his brother.该隐一系开始远离神,The trajectory away from God begun by Cain’s line最终在 “巴别” 形成了一个假冒的敬拜群体 (创 11)。ended with a counterfeit worshipping community in Babel (Gen. 11).与此同时,一条敬拜真神的后裔线通过 塞特 延续到 亚伯兰——就是 亚伯拉罕,At the same time, a line of true worshippers ran through Seth to Abram—Abraham—神应许要使他成为大国,whom God promised to make a great nation并且应许藉着他赐福给地上的万族 (创 12:1-3)。and through whom He promised to bless all nations of the earth (Gen. 12:1-3).

2. 从族长到西奈:圣洁国度的诞生

神应许亚伯拉罕的孙子雅各,祂要使他的十二个儿子组成一个和谐的敬拜 “多族群体 (community of nations)” (创 28:3),God promised Abraham’s grandson Jacob that He would make his twelve sons into a harmonious worshipping “community of nations” (Gen. 28:3)这个群体将以他的新名 “以色列” 而闻名。that would be known by his new name, “Israel.”值得注意的是,创世记 28:3 中的 “群体” 这个希伯来文 קָהָל (qāhāl)Significantly, the Hebrew word used here for “community” is qāhāl,在 希腊文旧约圣经 (七十士译本) 中被翻译成 “教会” ἐκκλησία (ekklēsia)。which the Greek translation of the Old Testament often renders as ekklēsia, “church.”(注:七十士译本是在公元前3-2世纪由70位犹太学者编译而成的第一本希腊文旧约。)
在以色列人出埃及后来到西奈山时,这个敬拜群体的目标得以实现。This goal of a worshipping community was reached after the exodus from Egypt when the people came to Mount Sinai.在那里,神宣告以色列人是祂所珍爱的产业,是祭司的国度,为圣洁的国民 (出 19:5-6)。There God declared the Israelites to be His treasured possession, a kingdom of priests and a holy nation (Ex. 19:5-6).耶和华应许要住在他们中间,作他们的神 (出 29:45)。The Lord promised to dwell among them as their God (Ex. 29:45).然而,这群人刚刚与主立约,But the people had no sooner committed themselves to this covenant relationship with the Lord就很快离弃了祂。than they abandoned Him.当摩西在山上领受耶和华的指示时,While Moses was at the top of the mountain receiving instruction from the Lord,百姓却在山下铸造偶像。the people were at the bottom fashioning false gods.从一开始就清楚,这 “圣洁的国民” 无力活出他们的呼召。It was clear from the outset that the “holy nation” had no power to live up to its calling.

3. 叛逆之路:以色列的悖逆与被掳

先知们为我们展开以色列其余的历史:The prophets unfold for us the rest of Israel’s history:尽管神对他们信实,他们却是悖逆的儿女 (赛 1:2),in spite of God’s faithfulness to them, they were corrupt and rebellious children (Isa. 1:2)也是行淫的妻子 (何 1-3)。and an adulterous wife (Hos. 1-3).这种悖逆的传承在北国和南国都是一样的:This heritage of unfaithfulness belonged equally to the northern and southern kingdoms:以色列和犹大是出自同一家族的两位悖逆姐妹 (结 16, 23),Israel and Judah were two twisted sisters from the same family (Ezek. 16, 23)她们都要各自面对毁灭与被掳的审判 (结 4:4-6)。who would each face the punishment of destruction and exile (Ezek. 4:4-6).耶和华无法住在这样一群不圣洁的百姓中间。The Lord could not dwell in the midst of such an unholy people.祂舍弃了祂在耶路撒冷所拣选的居所,He abandoned His chosen dwelling place in Jerusalem,将祂的百姓交在巴比伦仇敌的手中,任其摆布 (结 8-11)。leaving His people at the mercy of their Babylonian enemies (Ezek. 8-11).

4. 先知的盼望:复兴与新约的应许

然而,以色列被掳所带来的毁灭不可能是故事的终结。Yet the destruction of Israel in the exile could not be the end of the story.因为耶和华曾将祂的名与以色列联系在一起,Because the Lord had attached His name to Israel,所以这国必须得恢复,免得祂的圣名在列国中被亵渎 (结 20:14)。the nation would have to be restored lest His holy name be profaned among the nations (Ezek. 20:14).在西奈山所立的应许必须得以成就 (耶 33:20-21),The promises made at Mount Sinai had to be fulfilled (Jer. 33:20-21),因此,以色列和犹大这两个国家将被耶和华复兴并合而为一so the two nations of Israel and Judah would be restored by the Lord into a single, reunited body由以色列各支派组成 (耶 31:1),made up of all of the clans of Israel (Jer. 31:1)于一位君王之下 (结 37:16-22)。under a single king (Ezek. 37:16-22).最重要的应许是以色列属灵上的转变,The most important promise was the spiritual transformation of Israel他们那不回应的心要在新约之下变为 “新的心” (耶 31:31-33),into a new people whose unresponsive hearts would be changed into new hearts under a new covenant (Jer. 31:31-33)藉着神之灵的浇灌实现这一切 (结 36:22-28)。by an outpouring of God’s Spirit (Ezek. 36:22-28).新的以色列要成为耶和华的仆人,作外邦人的光,The new Israel would become the Lord’s servant, a light for the Gentiles,为万国带来医治 (赛 42:6, 10)。bringing healing to all nations (Isa. 42:6, 10).然而,在 以赛亚书 第 40-48 章 中所描绘的 “新以色列”,However, the new Israel depicted in Isaiah 40-48仍然是软弱挣扎的百姓,需要不断被劝勉去追求顺服,continued to be a struggling and weak people who needed constant exhortation to pursue obedience也需要被鼓励去信靠神向他们所存信实的慈爱。as well as encouragement to trust in God’s faithful love for them.为了成就神的旨意,就必须有另一位 “更美的以色列”,To fulfill God’s purposes, another, better Israel would be required,一位仆人,要代替以色列,完成以色列所不能完成的,a servant who would take Israel’s place, doing what Israel was unable to do,成就她将光传给万国的呼召 (赛 49:6)。fulfilling her calling to bring light to the nations (Isa. 49:6).(注:旧约中的 “新心” 应验于被掳归回的以色列人 (悔改、重建圣殿、遵行律法),预表基督徒的重生;“新约” 指的就是基督所立的新约。)

5. 真正的仆人:耶稣成就以色列的使命

这位称为 “以色列” 的仆人实现在耶稣基督身上。This servant “Israel” took flesh in the person of Jesus Christ.从祂出生的那一刻起,祂就重演了以色列的历史,From the moment of His birth, He reenacted Israel’s history,下到埃及,好使祂成为那位真正被神从埃及召出来的儿子 (太 2:15; 何 11:1)。going down to Egypt so that He could be the true son whom God called out of Egypt (Matt. 2:15, quoting Hos. 11:1).正如以色列经过红海,耶稣也经历了洗礼的水 (太 3),Just as Israel passed through the Red Sea, Jesus passed through the waters of baptism (Matt. 3)随后被引到旷野,在那里祂成功抵挡了以色列曾失败的试探 (太 4)。before being led out into the wilderness, where He successfully faced the same temptations that Israel had failed to endure (Matt. 4).在祂事工开始时,耶稣宣读 以赛亚书 61:1-2,At the beginning of His ministry, Jesus read aloud Isaiah 61:1-2,宣告这段经文在听众面前已经应验 (路 4:18-19):declaring that the Scripture had been fulfilled in His hearers’ presence (Luke 4:18-19):而祂自己就是那位应许的仆人,神的灵住在祂身上。He was Himself the promised Servant upon whom God’s Spirit rested.作为 “新以色列”,耶稣完美地成全了律法的要求。As the new Israel, Jesus perfectly fulfilled the demands of the law.耶利米 所预言的新约是借着 祂的血 所立的 (路 22:20)。The new covenant that Jeremiah anticipated was established in His blood (Luke 22:20).耶稣成全了神对人最初的旨意——圣洁,Jesus fulfilled God’s original design for human holiness,祂亲身成了众先知所盼望的那位 “新以色列”。thereby personally embodying the new Israel for which the prophets looked.

6. 与基督联合:教会即神的以色列

既然耶稣基督自己就是 “新以色列”,Since Jesus Christ is Himself the new Israel,凡借着信心与祂联合的人也被纳入神的以色列 (加 6:16)。all those united to Him by faith are also incorporated into the Israel of God (Gal. 6:16).祂是真葡萄树,这是旧约中描绘以色列的经典形象,He is the true vine, the classic Old Testament image for Israel,我们是祂的枝子 (约 15)。and we are His branches (John 15).因为基督是神家活石的房角石,Because Christ is the living cornerstone of God’s house,凡与祂联合的人也成为这房中的活石 (彼前 2:4-5),those who are joined to Him become living stones in that house (1 Peter 2:4-5)并且可以用旧约中形容以色列的同样称呼来描述:and can be described by the same terminology that described Israel in the Old Testament:在基督里,我们是 “被拣选的族类、君尊的祭司、圣洁的国度” (彼前 2:9-10)。in Christ, we are “a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation” (1 Peter 2:9-10).
既然耶稣基督自己就是 “新以色列”,Since Jesus Christ is Himself the new Israel,
凡借着信心与祂联合的人也被纳入神的以色列。all those united to Him by faith are also incorporated into the Israel of God.

7. 应许的子民:凭信而非血统

因此,成为这新约以色列的一员,Being part of this new covenant Israel is, thus,不是凭着肉身从亚伯拉罕而生,not a matter of physical descent from Abraham,而是与亚伯拉罕一样悔改并信靠神 (路 3:8)。but rather sharing Abraham’s repentance and faith (Luke 3:8).神的新子民包括犹太人和外邦人 (加 3:28),The new people of God includes Jews and gentiles together (Gal. 3:28),因为他们都被接在这棵新橄榄树——基督/以色列上 (罗 11:17-24)。as both are grafted into the new olive tree, Christ/Israel (Rom. 11:17-24).这并不表示神忘记了祂向亚伯拉罕肉身后裔所应许的话 (罗 11:1)。That does not mean that God has forgotten His promises to those physically descended from Abraham (Rom. 11:1).绝对不是。Certainly not.因为不是所有以色列人都是 “新以色列” 的子民 (罗 9:6)。But not everyone who is descended physically from Israel is part of the new Israel (Rom. 9:6).先知所应许的以色列复兴,The restoration of Israel promised in the prophets是随着福音传到耶路撒冷和犹太全地 (南国)、is accomplished as the gospel is preached to Jerusalem and Judea (the southern kingdom),撒马利亚 (北国),并直到地极而成就的,Samaria (the northern kingdom), and to the ends of the earth,这样福音就最终将神的光带给外邦人 (徒 1:8)。thereby finally bringing God’s light to the gentiles (Acts 1:8).

8. 终极成就:新妇、万族与新耶路撒冷

在《启示录》中,约翰听见神的子民被描述为十四万四千人,In the book of Revelation, John heard God’s people described as a group of 144,000由以色列十二个支派所组成 (启 7:4-8)。made up of the twelve tribes of Israel (Rev. 7:4-8).但当他再看时,却看见这是一个无法数算、来自各族各民的大群体 (启 7:9-12)。Yet when he looked again, he discovered that the same group was an innumerable crowd from every tribe and nation (Rev. 7:9-12).旧约中用来指以色列的意象——耶和华的新妇,The Lord’s bride, the image used in the Old Testament for Israel,如今就是教会,将来不再因罪而玷污,is the church and will one day be defiled by her sin no longer而是妆饰整齐,等候她的丈夫 (启 21:2)。but beautifully adorned for her husband (Rev. 21:2).到那日,神对以色列原初的目的和计划——In that day, God’s original purpose and plan for Israel—要得着一群归属祂的、合一而圣洁的子民——to have a united, holy people belonging to Himself—将要在基督与教会的婚宴中最终实现。will finally be fulfilled in the marriage of Christ and His church.

 


Seeing Christ in All of Scripture
(在全本圣经中看见基督)

Mar 12, 2025 - Default    No Comments

在旧约中的教会 (转)

作者:加州西敏神学院 (WSC)
现在,有些人可能会不同意,他们会说旧约中找不到 “教会” 这个词。Now some might disagree, arguing that we don’t find the word church in the Old Testament,他们是对的——但仅限于英语而言。and they would be correct, but only for the English.在新约中,被翻译为 “教会” 的希腊词是 ἐκκλησίαThe Greek word that is translated as church is ekklēsia,它可以指基督徒的特定聚会,或所有信徒的整体。and is used in the New Testament for a specific gathering of Christians, or for all believers together.
同样的词 ἐκκλησία 也出现在旧约的希腊译本 “七十士译本” (Septuagint 或 LXX) 中,The same word, ekklēsia, is used in the Greek translation of the Old Testament, the Septuagint,用来翻译希伯来词 קָהָל (qāhāl),意思是 “集会” (assembly)。to translate the Hebrew term qāhāl, “assembly.”它用于指以色列人在神面前聚集,或泛指整个以色列民。It is used for Israel as they gathered together to appear before God or as a general reference to all of Israel.
另一个用于翻译 קָהָל (qāhāl) 的希腊词是 συναγωγή (sunagōgē)。Another Greek word used to translate qāhāl is sunagōgē.它也被用来翻译另一个描述以色列的词:עֵדָה (‘ēdâ),意为 “会众” (congregation)。It is also used to translate another word for Israel: ‘ēdâ, “congregation.”在新约中,συναγωγή (sunagōgē) 通常指犹太会堂 (synagogue) 或其成员,In the New Testament, sunagōgē is most often used of a synagogue or its members,但在 雅各书 2:2 的 “会堂” 也用来指基督徒的聚会。but is used for a gathering of Christians in James 2:2.
新约中用于 “教会” 的术语并非新词,而是植根于旧约。The terms used in the New Testament for the church are not new ones but are rooted in the Old Testament.因此,从某种意义上讲,以色列确实是旧约中聚集的教会会众 (church-assembly-congregation)!Thus, in at least some sense, Israel really was the Old Testament church-assembly-congregation!
新约中用于 “教会” 的术语并非新词,
而是植根于旧约。
然而,我们可以说,教会的历史可以追溯得更远,甚至早于以色列。And yet, we could say that the church stretches back further, even before Israel.教会包括被召出列国的 亚伯拉罕 (创 12:1),The church includes Abraham who was summoned out of the nations (Gen 12:1),呼求主名的塞特的后裔 (创 4:26),the line of Seth who called upon the name of the Lord (Gen 4:26),以及接受神 “首次福音” 信息的亚当和夏娃 (创 3:15)。and Adam and Eve who embraced God’s first gospel message (Gen 3:15).教会甚至可以包括当初完美被造、与神同在的亚当和夏娃,The church could even include Adam and Eve as created in perfection to dwell in God’s presence,但我们现在不深入探讨这一点。but we will not pursue that now.
《海德堡要理问答》在第 54 问答中表达了类似的观点:The Heidelberg Catechism says much the same thing in Q&A 54:
:你相信 ‘圣而公之教会’ 是什么?”“Q. What do you believe concerning ‘the holy catholic church’?
:‘我相信,神的儿子藉着祂的圣灵和圣道,A. I believe that the Son of God, through his Spirit and Word,从整个人类中,从世界的起初直到末了,out of the entire human race, from the beginning of the world to its end,为自己召聚、护卫、保守一个蒙拣选、得永生、在真信仰里合一的群体。gathers, protects, and preserves for himself a community chosen for eternal life and united in true faith.而且在这个群体中,我是,并永远是,一个活的肢体。’”And of this community I am and always will be a living member.”
当我们思考《海德堡要理问答》的教导时,As we think about what the Heidelberg is teaching,我们要记住,我们可以用两种方式谈论教会。it is helpful to remember that we can speak about the church in two ways.《海德堡要理问答》在这里讲的是我们通常称为 “无形教会” (Invisible Church) 的群体,The Heidelberg is speaking of what we usually call the invisible church,即 “蒙拣选、得永生” 的人——选民。those “chosen for eternal life” – the elect.但当我们谈论旧约中的教会时,But as we think of the church in the Old Testament,通常指的是 “有形教会” (Visible Church),we are usually thinking about the visible church,即不同历史时期和地域中圣约群体的各种聚集。the various gatherings of the covenant community in different times and places.圣经清楚地表明,这些聚集不仅包括选民,The Bible makes clear that these gatherings can include not only the elect也包括那些口里承认却心里不信的人。but also those who profess with their mouth but not with their heart.
神的圣约群体——有形教会的各种聚集,在历史中呈现出不同的形式。These various gatherings of God’s covenant community, the visible church, look quite different throughout history.西奈之前的教会大多以家庭为中心,Most of what is described before Sinai is very family-centered而在以色列时期,我们看到的是一个神权国家。while with Israel we find a theocratic nation.为什么会这样?Why?简单来说,神在救赎历史中,以祂的圣约和律法,In summary, God has formed his covenant community in different ways throughout Redemptive History以不同的方式建立祂的圣约群体,by his covenants and laws目的是引导我们归向基督和祂最终的国度。to point us to Christ and his consummate kingdom.因此,在基督降临之后,Thus, after the coming of Christ,用 “教会” 一词来指称神的圣约群体,there is some wisdom in using the designation of the church for God’s covenant community有助于区分它在救赎历史中的独特地位。to distinguish its unique place in Redemptive History.

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Mar 5, 2025 - Default    No Comments

神学推理

编辑自 人工智能 (AI) 资料

1. 归纳神学推理 (Induction)

通过观察和分析经文的共同点,归纳出神学教义或原则。
  1. 查找所有相关经文 (不同语境下的用法)
  2. 分析共同点与差异 (词义、上下文)
  3. 得出归纳性的结论 (圣经整体如何使用这一概念)

2. 圣经神学推理 (BT)

关注圣经如何在历史进程中逐步启示神的真理,并从文本的前后一致性中推理出神学结论。
  1. 观察旧约与新约的关系 (如 律法与福音)。
  2. 研究神如何逐步启示这一主题 (如 基督如何成全律法)。
  3. 理解历史背景 (如 犹太人与外邦人的称义观念差异)。

3. 演绎神学推理 (Deduction)

从已知的神学原则推导或演绎出具体的神学结论。
  1. 确定相关的神学前提 (如 神的公义、恩典)。
  2. 从这些前提出发,推导合理的结论。
  3. 检验推导的逻辑是否与圣经一致。

4. 系统神学推理 (ST)

整合归纳、圣经神学和演绎推理,使答案符合完整的神学体系。
  1. 将该教义与其他教义协调 (如 称义与成圣的关系)。
  2. 考虑历史上的神学共识与异端错误 (如 天主教的行为称义)。
  3. 提供全面的神学回答,而不仅是单一经文的解释。

示例 A:神是否不变?

1. 归纳神学推理
  • 归纳与分析:
    • 诗 102:27 -> 神的本质不变。
    • 诗 33:11 -> 神的旨意/计划不变。
    • 民 23:19 -> 神的话/应许不变。
  • 结论:神的本质、旨意和应许永不改变。
2. 圣经神学推理
  • 旧约阶段:神在不同时期如何对待人 (如 挪亚之约、摩西之约)。
  • 新约阶段:神如何在基督里成就旧约的预言和应许 (来 13:8)。
  • 结论:神虽然在人类历史中有不同作为,但祂的本质始终如一。
3. 演绎神学推理
  • 前提:神是完全的,完全性意味着不变 (玛 3:6)。
  • 推导:如果神会改变,那祂就不完美。
  • 结论:神的属性必然不变 (雅 1:17)。
4. 系统神学推理
  • 整合各方面教义:
    • 神的属性:不变性 (immutability) 是神的完全性之一,与全知、全能等属性一致。
    • 神的启示:神在不同时代的作为不同,但符合祂的永恒计划。
    • 矛盾调和:神有时 “后悔” (创 6:6; 撒上 15:11),但这些描述是以人的理解方式表达神的行动,并不表示祂的本质变化。
  • 结论:
    • 神的本质与旨意永不改变 (玛 3:6; 雅 1:17)。
    • 神在历史中的作为符合祂的永恒计划 (弗 1:11)。
    • 表面 “改变” 的经文应从神的整体启示来理解,而非字面上的不变性矛盾。

示例 B:预定与自由意志

1. 归纳神学推理
  • 归纳与分析:
    • 弗 1:11 -> 神按自己的旨意行万事,祂的计划不会失败。
    • 箴 16:9 -> 人心筹算自己的道路,但耶和华指引他的脚步。
    • 申 30:19 -> 神命令人选择生命或死亡,强调人的责任。
    • 罗 8:29-30; 约 6:37 -> 凡父所赐给耶稣的,必到祂那里来,预定与人意志并行。
  • 结论:神在创造世界之前的预定是明确的,神的计划不会失败,人仍有责任,需要回应神的呼召。两者并行,圣经从未将二者分割,而是同时强调神的主权和人的责任。
2. 圣经神学推理
  • 旧约阶段:神如何拣选以色列,但以色列人仍需顺服神 (申 7:6-8; 申 30:19)。
  • 新约阶段:神在基督里成就拣选,而人仍需信靠耶稣 (罗 9:16; 约 3:18)。
  • 结论:预定与人的自由选择在启示历史中并存,神的主权不排除人的责任。
3. 演绎神学推理
  • 前提:神是全能的,祂的旨意必定成就 (赛 46:10)。
  • 推导:如果人的选择能推翻神的旨意,那神就不是全能的。
  • 推导:但如果人只是完全受控的机器人,就无法解释圣经中神对人的呼召和审判。
  • 结论:人的自由意志是真实的,但必须在神的主权之下 (箴 16:9)。
4. 系统神学推理
  • 整合各方面教义:
    • 神的主权:祂预定一切事,并按祂的旨意成就 (弗 1:11)。
    • 人的责任:人必须信靠基督才能得救,不能推卸责任 (约 3:16; 约 3:18)。
    • 矛盾调和:
      • 人的选择是真实的,但最终符合神的计划。
      • 人选择神是因为神先在他心里动工 (约 6:44)。
      • 人因罪的捆绑不能自己选择神,唯有圣灵重生才能愿意归向神 (弗 2:1-5)。
  • 结论:
    • 预定与自由意志的协调是神的主权高于人的选择,但人的选择仍然具有真实意义。
    • 人的责任是真实的,但不会推翻神的旨意。
    • 神预定人得救的方式本身就是借着人的回应和信心,因此人的责任不是与神的预定相对,而是预定的实现方式。

示例 C:天使何时被造与堕落

1. 归纳神学推理
  • 归纳与分析:
    • 西 1:16 -> 万有都是借着基督造的,包括天使。
    • 尼 9:6 -> 天地万物,包括天上的万军,都是神所造的。
    • 出 20:11 -> 六日之内,神创造了天地和其中的万物。
    • 伯 38:4-7 -> 神立地根基时,晨星歌唱,神的众子欢呼,表明天使在创造之初已存在。
    • 创 1:31 -> 神看一切甚好,说明天使在此时尚未堕落。
    • 彼后 2:4;犹 6 -> 堕落的天使被拘留,表明他们有一次叛逆的事件。
  • 结论:天使在创世六日内被造,可能在第一日;他们的堕落发生在创 1:31 之后,创 3:1 之前。
2. 圣经神学推理
  • 旧约阶段:
    • 天使在神创造天地时已存在 (伯 38:4-7)。
    • 撒但原是受膏的基路伯,后来因骄傲而堕落 (结 28:12-17)。
    • 天使的堕落发生在人类堕落前,因为撒但在伊甸园引诱人 (创 3:1)。
  • 新约阶段:
    • 堕落的天使成为撒但的从者,与神为敌 (启 12:7-9)。
    • 他们的最终结局是被扔入永火 (太 25:41)。
  • 结论:天使在创世之初被造,堕落发生在创 1:31 之后,人类堕落之前。
3. 演绎神学推理
  • 前提:
    • 神创造的起初一切甚好 (创 1:31)。
    • 撒但在伊甸园试探人类时已堕落 (创 3:1)。
  • 推导:
    • 如果天使在创世六日后才被造,那么伯 38:4-7 就不成立,因此天使必须在六日内被造。
    • 如果撒但在创 1:31 之前已堕落,那么神不可能称一切甚好,因此堕落必发生在此之后。
  • 结论:
    • 天使在六日创造内被造,可能在第一日 (伯 38:7)。
    • 堕落发生在创 1:31 之后,创 3:1 之前 (创 3:1)。
4. 系统神学推理
  • 整合各方面教义:
    • 天使的本质:他们是受造之灵,没有与神同等的永恒性 (西 1:16)。
    • 天使的堕落:撒但因骄傲而堕落,带领众天使反叛 (赛 14:12-15; 结 28:12-17)。
    • 天使的审判:堕落天使已受神审判,最终将被扔入火湖 (太 25:41; 启 20:10)。
  • 结论:
    • 天使在创世六日内被造,可能在第一日 (伯 38:7)。
    • 天使的堕落发生在创 1:31 之后,创 3:1 之前 (创 1:31; 启 12:7-9)。
    • 堕落的天使因骄傲悖逆神,被神定罪 (彼后 2:4; 犹 6)。
Mar 2, 2025 - Default    No Comments

问:基督徒不可起誓?

编辑自 人工智能 (AI) 资料

马太福音 5:33-37 要处理的问题:人的诚信

在登山宝训中,耶稣教导说:“你们的话,是,就说是;不是,就说不是;若再多说,就是出于那恶者” (太 5:37)。这一段话的核心是人的诚信与言语的可信度,耶稣在此挑战当时犹太人对誓言的滥用,并恢复神对诚实言语的要求。

1. 不是废除所有誓言

耶稣用 马太福音 5:33 作为开场白,其实是提到一种滥用誓言的情形。在这种特殊的情形之下,耶稣说 “什么誓都不可以起”,并非是指所有情形下都不可起誓。圣经中的例子:
  • 神自己起誓 (创 22:16; 来 6:13-18)
    • 神向亚伯拉罕起誓要赐福,表明誓言在特殊情况下可作为坚定应许的方式。
  • 耶稣接受誓言 (太 26:63-64)
    • 大祭司要耶稣指着神起誓回答祂是否是基督,耶稣没有拒绝,可见祂并不完全禁止所有誓言。
  • 保罗也曾起誓 (林后 1:23; 加 1:20)
    • 他以神为证表明自己所说的是真实的。

2. 旧约律法如何规范誓言?

在摩西时代,神明确要求以色列人谨守誓言,特别是向神起的誓。
  • 以色列人被要求不可轻易起誓,尤其是不可用神的名立假誓,否则就是对神的亵渎。
    • 【利 19:12】“不可指着我的名起假誓,亵渎你神的名,我是耶和华。”
  • 旧约律法承认誓言的约束力,起誓者必须遵守诺言,否则就是犯罪。
    • 【民 30:2】“人若向耶和华许愿或起誓,要约束自己,就不可食言,必要按口中所出的一切话行。”
  • 旧约允许誓言,但强调宁可不许愿,也不可许愿后不履行。
    • 【申 23:21-23】“你向耶和华你的神许愿,偿还不可迟延…你若不许愿,倒无罪;你嘴里所出的,就是你口中应许甘心所献的,要照你向耶和华你神所许的愿谨守遵行。”

3. 当时犹太人如何滥用誓言?

摩西时代之后,犹太人扭曲律法,特别是 马太福音 5:33 所说的这条原则,发展出了一种 “哪些誓言必须遵守,哪些可以规避” 的做法。比如他们把 “所起的誓总要向主谨守” 解读为 “只要不是直接向神起誓,就不一定要履行”;所以他们教导人用 “天、地、耶路撒冷、自己的头” 来起誓 (太 5:34-36)。
他们设立了一个复杂的誓言等级制度,让人可以利用技术性漏洞逃避责任,比如耶稣在 马太福音 23:16-22 所提到的:指着圣殿起誓可以不算数,但指着圣殿的金子起誓就必须守;指着祭坛起誓可以不算数,但指着祭坛上的祭物起誓就必须守。这使得誓言从保障诚信的工具,变成了操纵言语、掩盖欺骗的手段。耶稣直接挑战这种做法,恢复律法的本意,强调 “是” 就说 “是”,“不是” 就说 “不是” (太 5:37)。

4. 耶稣如何恢复神对诚信的要求?

  • 耶稣教导:根本不要起誓 (太 5:34-36)
    • 耶稣不是废除一切誓言,而是禁止人用誓言来掩盖虚假、逃避责任,强调言语应当真实可靠,不需依赖誓言来增强可信度。
  • 【太 5:37】“你们的话,是,就说是;不是,就说不是。”
    • 真正的诚信不是靠誓言维持,而是让人知道你的话本身就可信。
    • 若再多说,就是出于那恶者—撒但是 “说谎之人的父” (约 8:44),一切用花言巧语掩盖虚假、试图操纵人心的话语,都属于恶者的作为。

5. 圣经如何强调诚信?

  • 神喜悦真诚,不喜悦虚伪、欺骗或操纵性的话语。
    • 【箴 12:22】“说谎言的嘴为耶和华所憎恶;行事诚实的为祂所喜悦。”
  • 真正的敬虔表现在 “心里说实话”,甚至在自己吃亏时仍守信用。
    • 【诗 15:1-2, 4】“谁能寄居在祢的帐幕?…就是行为正直、做事公义、心里说实话的人…他发了誓,虽然自己吃亏,也不更改。”
  • 雅各直接引用耶稣的话,强调基督徒要让言语本身具有可信度,不需要依赖誓言来证明诚实。
    • 【雅 5:12】“你们说话,‘是’ 就说 ‘是’,‘不是’ 就说 ‘不是’,免得你们落在审判之下。”

6. 诚信的最高标准:神的信实

  • 神的本质是信实的,因此祂的子民也当效法祂,成为诚实守信的人。
    • 【民 23:19】“神非人,必不至说谎;也非人子,必不至后悔。祂说话岂不照着行呢?祂发言岂不要成就呢?”
  • 在基督里,神的应许全然可信,基督徒的言语也应当反映这种可靠性。
    • 【林后 1:20】“神的应许不论有多少,在基督里都是 ‘是’ 的…”

7. 耶稣的教导如何解决当时的问题?

  • 避免虚伪的宗教行为
    • 犹太人用复杂的誓言制造假象,耶稣教导说话要真实,不依赖誓言。
  • 恢复诚信的文化
    • 基督徒不需要用花言巧语或夸张的誓言,而是让人知道他们的言语本身可信。
  • 使言语符合神的性情
    • 神是信实的,基督徒应当以简单、真实、不掺杂谎言的方式说话,使人看到神的信实

8. 那么,誓言是为了什么?

从圣经的角度,誓言有三个主要作用:
  • 见证真实性 (出 22:10-11; 林后 1:23)
    • 确认承诺的真实性,如在法庭或契约中。
  • 表达忠诚 (申 6:13; 诗 76:11)
    • 作为敬拜的一部分,表达对神的忠诚。
    • 西敏信仰告白 22.2:只能向神发誓,不可向任何受造之物起誓。
  • 立约 (书 9:15-19; 尼 10:29)
    • 用于正式的盟约,如政府、婚姻、圣职任命等。
    • 海德堡要理问答 Q.101:在法院或政府规定的情况下,基督徒可以合法起誓。
整本圣经都强调,神的子民要像祂一样诚实无伪,不仅在誓言中守信,更要在日常言语中体现真实,以至于 “是” 就是真正的 “是”, “不是” 就是真正的 “不是” 。
Feb 24, 2025 - Default    No Comments

我能用 AI 来帮我写讲章吗? (转)

作者:John Piper (约翰·派博 牧师)
播客:Ask Pastor John (APJ)
日期:2025-02-24

音频笔录

欢迎回到新的一周。Welcome back to a new week.在这个星期一,我们重新探讨人工智能 (AI) 这一话题。On this Monday, we return to the topic of AI.我们最近在 APJ 1985, “约翰·派博谈 ChatGPT” 中提到过这个话题。We touched on it recently in APJ 1985, “John Piper on ChatGPT.”在那期节目中,约翰牧师,您解释说,“基督徒以神为乐主义” (Christian Hedonism) 为我们提供了一个独特的视角来看待AI,强调上帝在我们不仅理解祂、而且从内心深处因祂而喜乐时得到荣耀——这是AI无法复制的,因为它缺乏属灵的情感和超自然的心灵。And there, Pastor John, you explained that Christian Hedonism offers us a unique angle on AI, emphasizing that God is glorified when humans not only understand him but also rejoice in him from the heart — something AI, lacking spiritual affections and a supernatural heart, cannot replicate.AI从根本上与上帝对智能的预期目的脱节。AI is fundamentally disconnected from God’s intended purpose for intelligence.此后,您在 “歌颂大会” (Sing! Conference) 中的讲道进一步阐述了更多想法,解释了为什么我们从未听说过 “人工智能情感”。Since then, you followed up with more thoughts in your Sing! Conference message, explaining why we never hear about “Artificial Emotion.”

我想这个话题还有很多值得讨论的地方。I suppose there’s still a lot to address here.随着您对AI的思考逐渐展开,我们将通过播客听众提出的两个新角度重新审视这一话题——一位牧师和一位大学事工领袖:As you build out your thoughts on AI, we revisit the topic with two new angles raised by podcast listeners: a pastor and a college-ministry leader.

第一封邮件来自一位匿名牧师,他问道:“约翰牧师,您认为使用像 Gemini 或 ChatGPT 这样的人工智能平台来帮助起草讲章、青少年课程或查经内容是可以的吗?只要我审查、调整并确保其内容与上帝的话语一致。” The first email, from an anonymous pastor, asks this: “Pastor John, do you think it’s okay to use AI platforms — like Gemini or ChatGPT — to help draft a sermon, youth lesson, or Bible study, as long as I review, adjust, and ensure it aligns with God’s word?”

第二封邮件来自一位大学事工领袖:“您好,约翰牧师!感谢这个播客以及它祝福了许多人的方式。The second email comes from a college-ministry leader: “Hello, Pastor John! Thank you for this podcast and the ways it has blessed so many.我的问题是,我可以使用 AI 来撰写我给事工支持者的简报吗?My question is, Can I use AI to write my newsletter to ministry supporters?我会提供真实的更新和事实,但我发现写作特别令人沮丧。I provide real updates and true facts, but I find writing particularly frustrating.虽然 AI 可以帮助我更快、更频繁地撰写简报,但我担心这可能会让我的支持者觉得被误导。While AI would help me write newsletters more quickly and frequently, I worry it could feel misleading to my supporters.牧师在事工任务 (如: 预备讲章和简报撰写) 中使用 AI 有哪些潜在的危险?”What are the potential dangers of pastors using AI for ministry tasks like sermon preparation and newsletter writing?”

让我们从一个定义开始。Let’s start with a definition.我直接从谷歌 (Google) 上获得了这个定义。I got this straight off Google.这是另一个人工智能对人工智能的定义:It’s another artificial intelligence defining artificial intelligence.“人工智能是一种科技,使计算机和机器能够模拟人类的学习、理解、解决问题、决策、创造力和自主性。”“Artificial intelligence is a technology that enables computers and machines to simulate human learning, comprehension, problem-solving, decision-making, creativity, and autonomy.”


以下是 约翰·派博 (John Piper) 牧师的回答:

人工智能永远缺乏的东西What AI Will Always Lack

你刚才提到的,Tony,在问题中,是我在 “歌颂大会” 上的信息,我在那里指出,那个 (人工智能) 定义中缺少的东西,那个它模拟的事物列表中,没有情感。What you just referred to, Tony, in the question is my message at Sing! where I drew attention to the fact that missing from that definition, that list of things that it simulates, is emotion.感情没有被列在其中。Feelings are not listed there.为什么?Why?我认为这个很重要。I made a big deal out of that.因为宇宙的终极目的是荣耀上帝,而祂的荣耀不仅在于被正确地思考、逻辑地理解,还在于被正确地享受、欣赏、珍视。Because the ultimate purpose of the universe is that God be glorified, and he is glorified not merely by being rightly thought about, logically comprehended, but by rightly being enjoyed, admired, appreciated, valued.当我们在祂里面最满足时,上帝得到最大的荣耀,这意味着人工智能永远无法敬拜。And God is most glorified when we are most satisfied in him, which means no artificial intelligence will ever be able to worship.
敬拜不仅仅是正确的思考,这是计算机能做到的。Worship is not simply right thinking, which computers can do.敬拜是对上帝的正确情感。Worship is right feeling about God.这真的很关键,否则我们开始认为人工智能可以取代人类来实现宇宙中的神圣目的。That’s really crucial, unless we begin to think that artificial intelligence can take the place of human beings in accomplishing the divine purpose in the universe.它不能。It can’t.人类内心的情感本质上与人类思维的逻辑过程不同。The affections of the human heart are fundamentally of another nature than the logical thinking process of the human mind.我们并不担心——至少我不担心——计算机可以模拟人类的逻辑推理,但我们认为机器试图去欢喜、愉悦、高兴、敬畏、惊叹、感到悲伤或恐惧是荒谬的。We are not bothered — I’m not bothered anyway — that a computer can simulate human logical reasoning, but we consider it ludicrous when a machine attempts to rejoice or delight or be glad or stand in awe or be amazed or feel grief or fear.我们知道这些是人类灵魂的独特构成,机器无法替代。We know that these are the making of the human soul so uniquely that they will not be replaced by machines.“人工智能情感” 这个词本身就是一个矛盾修辞法。The very phrase “artificial emotion” is an oxymoron.
所以,这就是我在 “歌颂大会” 上的信息的要点。So, that was the point of the message at Sing!我认为人工智能和人工情感之间的这种区别,使我们不必对 AI 能做什么和不能做什么产生过度的恐惧反应。And I think that distinction between artificial intelligence and artificial emotion frees us from an overly fearful reaction to what AI can do and can’t do.

人工智能 “新” 在哪里What’s New About AI

我们所拥有的,本质上是以人工智能形式出现的——称为 ChatGPT 或其他,但我关注的是 ChatGPT,因为这是我最熟悉且使用最多的——我们这里拥有的是一个按其自身定义设计的强大在线助手。What we have, essentially, in the form of artificial intelligence — called ChatGPT or others, but I’m focusing on ChatGPT since that’s the one I’m most familiar with and have worked with most — what we have here is a powerful online assistant designed by its own definition.如果你在 ChatGPT 中输入 “你是什么?”,它会告诉你:“[我是一个助手],用于理解并根据接收到的输入生成类似人类的文本。用户可以提问、寻求信息或进行对话,ChatGPT 会以相关且连贯的文本回应。”If you type into ChatGPT, “What are you?” it will tell you, “[I am an assistant] to understand and generate human-like text based on the input it receives. Users can ask questions, seek information, or engage in conversation, and ChatGPT responds with relevant and coherent text.” 这很关键。That’s crucial.
好,那是新的。Now, that’s new.谷歌不会写文章或诗歌。Google doesn’t write essays or poems.ChatGPT 会。ChatGPT does.所以,你可以从谷歌获取大量信息——问它各种问题,得到你想要的答案。So, you can get a lot of information from Google — ask it all kinds of questions, and get the answers you want.它不会为你写一首诗,而 ChatGPT 会。It won’t write a poem for you, and ChatGPT will.这意味着 ChatGPT 至少有这两个独特功能:信息和创作。Which means that ChatGPT has at least these two distinct functions: information and composition.例如,你可以要求 ChatGPT 给你帕金森病的症状。You can ask ChatGPT to give you the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, for example.你可以说:“给我写一段一百字的段落描述症状”,它就会写出一段优美的一百字段落,描述帕金森病的症状并给出列表。You can say, “Write me a one-hundred-word paragraph describing the symptoms,” and it would just write a beautiful one-hundred-word paragraph describing the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease and give you a list.
从这个意义上说,ChatGPT 只是我们常规使用的其他来源的一个非常复杂的补充,帮助我们了解我们需要知道的,理解我们需要理解的:字典、百科全书、文章、书籍、谷歌搜索等等。In that sense, ChatGPT is simply a very sophisticated addition to other sources we regularly use to help us know what we need to know and understand what we need to understand: dictionaries, encyclopedias, articles, books, Google searches, and so on.我们已经这样做了上千年——从其他人那里获得帮助,以了解我们需要知道的,理解我们需要理解的。We’ve been doing this for a thousand years — getting help from other people to help us know what we need to know, understand what we need to understand.如果你以这种方式使用 ChatGPT,那只是相对老传统的方式。That’s just relatively old school if you use ChatGPT that way.
新颖之处在于,你可以要求 ChatGPT 根据《路加福音》15章的 “浪子回头” 比喻写一篇两千字的讲道。What’s new is that you can ask ChatGPT to write a two-thousand-word sermon on the parable of the prodigal son in Luke 15.事实上,你可以输入:“请以神学家 ‘约翰·派博’、‘加尔文’ 或 ‘史普罗’ (R. C. Sproul) 的风格和语言,为我写一篇关于《路加福音》15章 ‘浪子回头’ 的两千字讲道。”In fact, you can type in, “Please write me a two-thousand-word sermon on the prodigal son from Luke 15 in the style and language of theologian John Piper or John Calvin or R.C. Sproul.” 你会得到一篇以你所询问的神学家风格和语言撰写的惊艳讲道。And you will get an astonishingly well-written sermon in the style and language of the theologian that you ask about.或者你可以要求 ChatGPT 撰写你的月度简报。Or you can ask GPT to write your monthly newsletter.只要给它一些事实,告诉它用多少字写,它就会完成,可能和你自己写得一样好。Just give him a few facts and tell him to write it in X-number of words, and he’ll do it as well as you can do it, probably.
“使用 ChatGPT 获取信息和灵感,
但不要用来创作,除非你诚实公开。”

人工智能做播客AI Doing APJ

现在,这里有一些值得你思考的事情。Now, here’s something for you to think about.当我看到 Tony 你希望我在这里讨论 AI 时,我去了 ChatGPT,这是我输入的内容:“请以神学家 约翰·派博 的神学和风格,写一篇八百字的回答,回答问题:牧师使用 AI 有哪些危险?”When I saw what, Tony, you wanted me to talk about here with AI, I went to ChatGPT, and here’s what I typed in: “Please write an eight-hundred-word answer, in the theology and style of theologian John Piper, to the question, What are the dangers of a pastor using AI?” 那是我提出的问题。That was what I asked.它花了五秒钟,生成了一篇857字的文章,写得如此出色,如果我现在读给你听,我不认为你,Tony,或者你的听众会知道我是在读 ChatGPT 的内容。It took him five seconds, and he produced an 857-word essay that was so good that if I were reading it right now, I don’t think you, Tony, or your listeners would know that I’m reading from ChatGPT.太惊艳了。It was amazing.该文章除了序言之外,然后是:There was an introduction, and then…
  1. 远离神的危险 (林前 2);there was point 1 (the danger of disconnection from the divine and a quote from 1 Corinthians 2),
  2. 事工机械化的风险 (约 10);point 2 (the risk of impersonal ministry and a quote from John 10)…
  3. 神学诚信的危险 (来 4);point 3 (the challenge of theological integrity and a quote from Hebrews 4),
  4. 伦理降低的危险;point 4 (the peril of ethical compromise),
  5. 把效率当成偶像的危险 (诗篇 127);point 5 (the threat of idolatry in efficiency and a quote from Psalm 127),
最后结论是 “分辨力的呼吁”。and a conclusion called “A Call for Discernment.”我觉得,它太优秀了,难以置信。I mean, it is excellent, unbelievable.
如果我把它当作我自己的读给你听,那将是邪恶的 (wicked)。And if I had read that to you as my own, it would have been wicked.这就是我想让大家听到的。This is what I want the folks to hear.邪恶——我用了一个强烈的词,因为我对此感受很深。Wicked — I’m using a strong word because I feel strongly about this.这涉及到上帝的核心、基督教的意义以及教会及其牧师的完整性。This goes to the heart of God and the meaning of Christianity and the integrity of the church and her ministers.无论是上帝还是祂的子民,都不会以虚假或误导的方式说话,使人对我们或我们的言语产生错误的认知,或对我们产生不恰当的情感;Neither God nor his people speak in a way so as to bring about in the minds of other people thoughts that are not true about us or what we say, or feelings in them that are not appropriate about us.也就是说,我们不欺骗 (不假冒)。That is, we do not deceive.我们应是光明之子、表里如一、诚实无伪,否则我们什么都不是。We are people of truth and transparency and honesty through and through, or we are nothing.
“我们应是光明之子、表里如一、诚实无伪,
否则我们什么都不是。”

令人震惊的捷径Appalling Shortcut

所以,我的回答是:不,不要让 ChatGPT 写你的简报。So, my answer: No, don’t have ChatGPT write your newsletter.不要这样做,除非你打算在顶部清楚地写上 “这份简报由 ChatGPT 创建”。Don’t do it, unless you’re going to put in clear letters at the top, “This newsletter was created byChatGPT.”那是诚实的,但你的支持者不会喜欢这样。That’s honest, and your supporters won’t like it.即使是这世界,没有我们的基督教规条,也有《芝加哥格式手册》。Even the secular world, without any of our Christian commitments — namely, The Chicago Manual of Style.你知道那是什么吗?You know what that is?它告诉你如何注明一切。It tells you how to do footnotes and everything.《芝加哥格式手册》已经有了如何引用 ChatGPT 来源的指南。The Chicago Manual of Style already has guidelines for how to cite ChatGPT sources.当你引用 ChatGPT 创建的内容时,《芝加哥格式手册》告诉你如何给予它署名。When you’re quoting from something that was created by ChatGPT, The Chicago Manual of Style tells you how to give it credit.如果非信徒都如此,天哪,难道我们不应该更重视坦诚吗?And if the world does that, oh my goodness, how much more should we be concerned to be honest through and through?
第二,不,不要让 ChatGPT 起草你的讲章,即使你会检查、调整和个人化。And second, no, don’t have ChatGPT write the first draft of your sermon, which you then check, adjust, and customize.坦白说,这个想法让我震惊。Frankly, I’m appalled at the thought——appalled.我知道有很多资源和网站一直在帮助很多牧师走捷径,如创建大纲、提供例证、做研究等等。I know that resources and websites have existed forever to help pastors cut corners: create your outlines, provide illustrations, tell you how to do research, and so on.这没什么新鲜的。我一直觉得这令人震惊,原因如下:There’s nothing new about this, and it’s been appalling to me all the way along, for this reason:圣经中作长老-牧师-讲道者的资格之一是拥有教导的恩赐或能力 (提摩太前书 3:2)。one of the qualifications for being an elder-pastor-preacher in the Bible is the gift or the ability to teach, didaktikos (1 Timothy 3:2).“善于教导” 意味着你必须有能力、有恩赐去读一段圣经,明白经文的真义和态度,清楚向人解释,用例证和应用来造就人。That means you must have the ability, the gift, to read a passage of Scripture, understand the reality it deals with, feel the emotions it is meant to elicit, be able to explain it to others clearly, illustrate and apply it for their edification.这是你必须拥有的恩赐。That’s a gift you must have.这是你的首要工作。It’s your number-one job.如果你没有这个能力,你就不应该作牧师。If you don’t have it, you should not be a pastor.
让我们使用 ChatGPT 和其他新工具来获取信息 (学习),甚至灵感,就像你使用释经书、文章、书籍、歌曲和诗歌一样,Let’s use ChatGPT and other sources that are coming along for information, even for inspiration, just like you use commentaries and articles and books and songs and poetry.但不要用它来创作 (composition),除非你诚实公开 (give credit for it)。But don’t use it for composition unless you’re going to give credit for it.所以,如果你打算让 ChatGPT 写你的初稿然后调整它,你最好对你的会众说:So, if you’re going to have ChatGPT write your first draft and you’re going to tweak it, then you better say to your people,“是人工智能 ChatGPT 为你们合成了今天早上的这篇道。”“ChatGPT, artificial intelligence, has composed the word of God for you this morning.”

【帖前 5:5】你们都是光明之子,都是白昼之子。我们不是属黑夜的,也不是属幽暗的。
【约一 1:6】我们若说是与神相交,却仍在黑暗里行,就是说谎话,不行真理了。
【雅 3:17】唯独从上头来的智慧,先是清洁,后是和平、温良、柔顺、满有怜悯、多结善果、没有偏见、没有假冒
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